
Core Identity: Friedrich Nietzsche was a German classical philologist, philosopher, and cultural critic who published intensively during the 1870s and 1880s Foundational Thesis: Diagnosing European modernity as entering a crisis of nihilism following the collapse of Christian authority ("God is dead"), Nietzsche proposed a genealogical revaluation of moral values, perspectival objectivity, and the affirmation of life (amor fati) Contemporary Significance: Grouped alongside Marx and Freud as a master of the "hermeneutics of suspicion," Nietzsche profoundly shaped existentialism, post-structuralism, depth psychology, and modern moral psychology 1844–1869 (Early Life & Basel Chair): Born in Röcken to a Lutheran minister (d. 1849); educated in Naumburg, Schulpforta, Bonn, and Leipzig; appointed Professor of Classical Philology at the University of Basel in May 1869 at age 24, the youngest ever named to such a post 1872–1878 (The Birth of Tragedy & Break with Wagner): Published The Birth of Tragedy (1872), sparking philological backlash from Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff; broke with composer Richard Wagner after attending the 1876 Bayreuth Festival and publishing Human, All-Too-Human (1878) 1879–1888 (Independent Decade & Mature Works): Resigned his Basel professorship due to chronic illness in 1879; spent winters in Italy and summers in Sils Maria, Switzerland, producing The Gay Science (1882), Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1883–1885), Beyond Good and Evil (1886), and On the Genealogy of Morality (1887)
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