Sumatra has lost more than 50% of its forests since the 1980s due to the rapid expansion of palm oil and pulp plantations, pushing critically endangered species like tigers, rhinos, and elephants toward extinction. This rate of loss is 20% faster than the global average for tropical deforestation, making it the most intense hotspot on this list for biodiversity fragmentation. Less than 20% of Sumatra's original lowland rainforest remains, with 94% of the loss linked directly to agricultural conversion.
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