N'Djamena, Chad

N'Djamena, Chad, experiences a complex air quality crisis, with an annual average PM2.5 level of 80 µg/m³. This is largely due to the combination of Saharan dust storms, which contribute approximately 50 µg/m³ to existing PM2.5 levels, and domestic pollution sources such as charcoal cooking and unpaved roads. The city's air quality monitoring infrastructure is limited, with only two operational air quality sensors reported for its 1.5 million residents. This scarcity of monitoring suggests that the actual exposure to pollutants for the population may be higher than officially recorded.