N'Djamena, Chad

N'Djamena suffers a double crisis: Saharan dust storms add 50 µg/m³ to PM2.5 levels already inflated by charcoal cooking and unpaved roads, creating an annual average of 80 µg/m³ — 30% lower than #3 Dhaka but deadlier per capita due to negligible monitoring. Only 2 air quality sensors exist for 1.5 million people, meaning real exposure may be 70% higher than recorded.