Hotan, China, ranks 5th on this list due to extreme particulate levels, surpassing #6 Karachi in PM2.5 concentration. The city's location on the Taklamakan Desert's edge amplifies natural dust storms, with desertification and coal-fired heating during harsh winters generating an average annual PM2.5 of 110 µg/m³. This is 50% higher than the typical Chinese urban benchmark of 73 µg/m³.
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