Dual Coding

Allan Paivio's dual coding theory (1971) showed that information encoded in both verbal and visual formats is remembered far better than either alone. Draw diagrams while reading. Sketch timelines for history. Create flowcharts for processes. The two memory channels — visual and verbal — don't compete; they reinforce each other. Students who use dual coding retain 89% more information after one week compared to text-only study. The technique is especially powerful for STEM subjects where spatial relationships matter.