Natural selection and evolution. Biology's most important unifying theory.
Darwin's 1859 work "On the Origin of Species" introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection, providing a unifying explanation for the diversity of all life on Earth. His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle, observing flora and fauna across South America and the Galapagos Islands, produced the evidence base that transformed biology from a descriptive science into an explanatory one. Modern genetics, ecology, and medicine all rest on the evolutionary framework he built.

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