The Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE) expanded China to its largest territorial extent, covering over 13 million square kilometers by the 18th century, more than double that of #5 Ming. Despite this growth, the Opium Wars (1839–1842 and 1856–1860) forced open markets and ceded Hong Kong, highlighting a decline in military competitiveness. Its Manchurian rulers integrated diverse ethnic groups, but internal rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) claimed 20–30 million lives.
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