Colonial Pipeline (2021)

The 2021 Colonial Pipeline attack remains the most disruptive ransomware strike on U.S. critical infrastructure, halting operations for six days and triggering gas shortages across the Southeast. The price spike to $3/gallon far exceeded the national average of $2.85 at the time, and the $4.4 million Bitcoin ransom paid to DarkSide—$2.3 million of which was later recovered by the FBI—marks a rare success in ransom retrieval. The incident set a new benchmark for cyberwarfare targeting vital infrastructure, demonstrating how a single attack could paralyze energy supplies for millions.