Concentrated Solar Power with Thermal Storage

Concentrated solar power with thermal storage delivers dispatchable clean energy well after sunset, a clear advantage over #8 tidal energy's early commercial stage. At Morocco's Noor-Ouarzate complex, mirrors concentrate sunlight onto molten salt, storing heat for up to 8 hours per day to generate electricity overnight—directly addressing solar intermittency. This capability enables capacity factors above 50%, compared to about 25% for typical photovoltaic systems without storage. However, levelized costs at $0.14–$0.18 per kWh are about 30% higher than cheap PV paired with battery storage, which has driven adoption to over 25 gigawatts globally. Despite cost premiums, its thermal storage provides utility-scale, six-hour-plus discharge duration that batteries cannot yet match economically for nightly baseload needs.