Spinosaurus as a Semi-Aquatic Predator (2014–2022)

Spinosaurus redefines dinosaur ecology as the first known semi-aquatic predator, a claim supported by Nizar Ibrahim's 2014–2022 expeditions in Morocco's Kem Kem beds. Evidence includes a paddle-like tail and dense bones for buoyancy control, overturning decades of assumptions about terrestrial predators. Data from CT scans of the tail revealed 50% greater surface area for propulsion than in terrestrial theropods, solidifying its unique role in the fossil record.