Archaeopteryx (1861)

Archaeopteryx is the definitive missing link between dinosaurs and birds, discovered in 1861 in a Bavarian quarry just two years after Darwin's On the Origin of Species. This specimen proves that feathered wings evolved for tree-dwelling gliding 150 million years ago—30 million years earlier than prior estimates—and its 5-pound weight makes it lighter than typical theropods of its era. Its fused clavicle and bird-like sacrum solidify its rank as the oldest known bird ancestor, with 95% of paleontologists agreeing on its evolutionary significance.