Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project delivered biology's definitive blueprint. Completed in 2003 after 13 years and $2.7 billion, it sequenced all 3.2 billion base pairs of human DNA, enabling over 2,000 genetic tests for conditions like cystic fibrosis and BRCA-related cancers. Its data-led approach accelerated drug development, cutting the average target-identification phase by nearly 40% compared to pre-genomic methods.