Stem cells proved biology's most powerful repair mechanism. The 1961 discovery by Ernest McCulloch and James Till, through irradiated-mouse experiments, demonstrated self-renewing cells capable of generating all blood cell types. This breakthrough underpins regenerative medicine, with bone marrow transplants now saving over 50,000 lives annually. Crucially, they offer more immediate therapeutic potential than the Human Genome Project (#6), which mapped a static genetic code rather than unveiling a dynamic system of plasticity and repair.
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