#4
Hubble Space Telescope (NASA/ESA, 1990)
Launched 1990, fixed 1993. Proved the universe's expansion is accelerating — Nobel Prize 2011.
Hubble Space Telescope transformed astronomy after a flawed launch in 1990 required corrective optics via a 1993 Space Shuttle mission. Its 1995 Hubble Deep Field image captured 3,000 galaxies in a patch of sky the size of a grain of sand, proving over 100 billion galaxies exist. Measurements of distant supernovae by Hubble in 1998 led to the 2011 Nobel Prize, revealing dark energy constitutes 68% of the universe.
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