Quantum Mechanics (Planck, Bohr, Heisenberg, Schrodinger, 1900–1930)

Quantum mechanics revolutionized science by revealing atomic-scale probability and uncertainty. Developed from Planck's 1900 quanta to Schrödinger's 1926 wave equation, it is the most precisely tested theory ever, with predictions matching experiments to 12 decimal places. This precision fuels lasers, semiconductors, and MRI machines—without quantum mechanics, no computer or smartphone exists. It outperforms classical physics in explaining atomic behavior, such as electron tunnelling. A concrete data point: the 1927 uncertainty principle sets a fundamental limit of Δx·Δp ≥ h/4π, impacting all quantum devices.