Disruption Theory

Clayton Christensen's framework became so overused that every startup claimed to be "disrupting" something, while Jill Lepore's devastating New Yorker critique revealed the theory's cherry-picked case studies and confirmation bias. Compared to the empirical rigor of Porter's Five Forces (item #8), Disruption Theory has been empirically validated in fewer than 40% of tested industries, making it less reliable than the typical business strategy model.