Nazi Medical Experiments (1942-1945)

Nazi doctors in concentration camps conducted freezing experiments, high-altitude decompression, infectious disease inoculation, and surgical mutilation on prisoners without consent. The Nuremberg Doctors' Trial convicted 23 defendants and produced the Nuremberg Code — the first international standard for medical research ethics. The bitter controversy over whether to use data obtained through torture persists: some results advanced hypothermia treatment, but using them arguably legitimises the atrocities.