Mongol Invasions (1206-1368)

The Mongol conquests of the 13th century killed an estimated 40 million people — 10% of the world's population — depopulating Central Asia and the Middle East by regions, destroying the Abbasid Caliphate and with it the intellectual centre of the Islamic world, devastating China, and creating the Black Death conditions (by transporting plague westward along the Silk Road) that killed a third of Europe.