Frederick Banting and Charles Best's isolation of insulin at the University of Toronto in 1921 transformed Type 1 diabetes from a death sentence β patients typically died within years of diagnosis β to a manageable chronic condition. Before insulin, the only treatment was a near-starvation diet that might extend life by a year. The first human recipient in January 1922 was a 14-year-old boy in a diabetic coma who made a complete recovery.

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