The Second Machine Age — Brynjolfsson & McAfee (2014)

The Second Machine Age offers the sharpest economic analysis of why jobs are vanishing even as GDP climbs. MIT economists Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee document how digital technologies are replacing cognitive labor at 1.8 times the rate of the first industrial revolution. Their key finding—that median US household income grew only $2,000 from 2000 to 2014 while productivity rose 22%—reveals a fundamental decoupling that shapes modern inequality. This book predicts 47% of US employment is vulnerable to automation, a figure that has held up against subsequent research. With a 2015 warning that machine intelligence would surpass humans in specific tasks by 2024 already validated by GPT-4, it offers urgent, data-led insights for workers and policymakers alike.