Temple of Heaven, Beijing

The Temple of Heaven in Beijing is the most sacred imperial ceremonial complex in China, built in 1420 under the Ming dynasty. The circular Altar of Heaven uses 9-stone tiers—a number symbolizing imperial power—spanning 5.4 hectares. Emperors performed annual harvest rites here; the ceremony involved 3,000 participants and lasted 3 hours. Unlike Dunhuang Mogao Caves’s Mogao Caves, which evolved over centuries, this site was completed in 14 years, showcasing an unmatched level of unified planning.