War and Peace
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Written over six years using Napoleonic battlefield research and Tolstoy's Crimean War experience; copied by hand across multiple drafts by his wife Sofya Tolstoy. Panoramic chronicle of 1805–1812 Russia interweaving the Bezukhov, Bolkonsky, and Rostov families with Napoleon's 1812 invasion and essays on the philosophy of history. As of 2026-11-12: Global public-domain classic in continuous print; cumulative 157-year sales across all languages are unquantified. Translated into English by Clara Bell (1886), Louise & Aylmer Maude (1922–23), and Pevear & Volokhonsky (2007).
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Verified highlightsCore Milestone
Written over six years using Napoleonic battlefield research and Tolstoy's Crimean War experience; copied by hand across multiple drafts by his wife Sofya Tolstoy.
britannica.comOfficial britannica.com ↗
Historical Benchmark
Panoramic chronicle of 1805–1812 Russia interweaving the Bezukhov, Bolkonsky, and Rostov families with Napoleon's 1812 invasion and essays on the philosophy of history.
britannica.comOfficial britannica.com ↗
Institutional Significance
As of 2026-11-12: Global public-domain classic in continuous print; cumulative 157-year sales across all languages are unquantified.
britannica.comOfficial britannica.com ↗
Category
Russian Historical Novel & Philosophical Epic
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